Structures

Structures

• Collection of related variables
• derived data types
• Contain variables of many different data types
• Individual structure elements are known as members
• The general syntax structure declaration is:

struct name_tag{
member_1;
member_2;
member_3;
...
member_n;
};

• "struct" is a keyword
• name_tag is a name that identifies the structure
• The individual members can be ordinary variables, pointers, arrays and other structures
• Example

struct student{
int matrikno;
char name[40];
float height;
};

• A structure member can be accessed by a dot operator
• The syntax of a dot operator is:
  • variable.member
• where variable refers to the name of a structure type variable and member represents to the name of a member within a structure
• Example

#include

struct studentdate{
int matno;
int month;
int date;
int year;
};

int main (void){

studentdate joiningdate;

scanf("%d", &joiningdate.matno);
scanf("%d", &joiningdate.month);
scanf("%d", &joiningdate.date);
scanf("%d", &joiningdate.year);

printf("%d\n", joiningdate.matno);
printf("%d\n", joiningdate.month);
printf("%d\n", joiningdate.date);
printf("%d\n", joiningdate.year);

return 0;
}

Pointers

Pointers

• A variable that represents the location of a data item
• Used to pass information between a function and its reference point
• Provide a way to return multiple data items from a function
• Every data item is stored in the computer memory and it occupies one or more bytes of contiguous memory cells
• Example

char letter;

letter = 'A'

	letter
5566	65
(Address Memory Location)

• The address of the variable can be determined using the expression, &letter
• The address can be stored to a new variable
  • pv = &letter
• The variable pv contains the address of the variable (1188) "letter"
• The new variable is called pointer to "letter" since it points to the location where the letter is stored in memory
• The data item represented by "letter" can be accessed by the expression *pv where * is an unary operator called indirection operator
• The indirection operator * can operate only on address
• Example 1

#include

int main (void){

char letter;
char *pletter;
letter = 'A';

printf("The address of the variable letter is %x\n", &letter);
pletter = &letter
printf("The address of the variable letter is %x\n", pletter);
printf("The character stored in the letter is %c\n, letter);
printf("The character stored in the letter is %c\n, *pletter);

return 0;
}

Result:
The address of the variable letter is ABCD
The address of the variable letter is ABCD
The character stored in the letter is A
The character stored in the letter is A

• Example 2

#include

int main (void){

int a, b;
int pta;
a = 10;
pta = &a;
b = 2 * (*pta + 15);
printf("The expression value is %d\n", b);
return 0;
}


Result:
The expression value is 50

%s format and %[ ] format specifier

• The %s format and the square bracket specifiers are used to read string of characters
• %s format will read all the character from the input buffer till it encounters a blank space
• %[ ] format will read all the character from the input buffer till it encounters a character that is not found in the list within the square bracket
• ^ symbol is used as first symbol in side the %[ ] format specifier then it represents compliment of characters
• Example 1:

#include

int main (void){

char string[40];
char string1[40];

printf("Please enter the input string:");
scanf("%s", string);
printf("Please enter the input string1:");
scanf("%[1234567890abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz]", string1);
printf("The output for variable string is: %s\n", string);
printf("The output for variable string1 is: %s", string1);

return 0;
}

Result:
Please enter the input string: Today is very hot
Please enter the input string1: Today is very hot
The output for variable string is: Today
The output for variable string1 is: Today is very hot

Pointer and One Dimensional Array

1800	1802	1804	1806	1808
(2 bytes)	(2 bytes)	(2 bytes)	(2 bytes)	(2 bytes)
50	60	70	80	90
mark[0]	mark[1]	mark[2]	mark[3]	mark[4]
*mark	*(mark + 1)	*(mark + 2)	*(mark + 3)	*(mark + 4)

• int mark [5] = {50, 60, 70, 80, 90}
• The array of the first array element of mark can be represented as &mark[0] or simply by the mark itself
  • &mark[0] and mark represent the same memory address which is the 1800
• The address of second array element can be written as &mark[1] or (mark + 1)
• In general, the address of (i +1)^th array element cab be written as &mark[i] or (mark + i)
• Example:

#include

int main (void){

int i;
int x[5] = {50, 60, 70, 80, 90};
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("i = %d, address is %x, value is %d\n", i, &x[i], x[i]);
printf("\n");
for(i=0;i<5;i++)
printf("i = %d, address is %x, value is %d\n", i, (x+i), *(x+i));
return;
}

Output:
0 address is 1800 value is 50
1 address is 1800 value is 60
2 address is 1800 value is 70
3 address is 1800 value is 80
4 address is 1800 value is 90

0 address is 1800 value is 50
1 address is 1800 value is 60
2 address is 1800 value is 70
3 address is 1800 value is 80
4 address is 1800 value is 90